https://jwmdc.com/index.php/jwmdc Women Medical and Dental College en-US Journal of Women Medical and Dental College 2957-5265 https://jwmdc.com/index.php/jwmdc/article/view/90 <p>Ischemic Heart Disease is the leading cause of mortality in Pakistan. It is cause by myocardial ischemia. Most cases of myocardial ischemia are as a result of coronary artery atherosclerosis. There are Modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors of atherosclerosis. Here we discuss the trend of modifiable risk factors in Pakistan from 2000 to 2022. A Secondary analysis was conducted to find the trend of Modifiable risk factors and its relation with ischemic heart disease in Pakistan from 2000 to 2022. For this purpose, Literature review was performed using google scholar and PubMed, Data on trends of these risk factors was obtained from WHO Pakistan website. The trend of modifiable factors of ischemic heart disease, namely Tobacco smoking, Obesity, Alcohol consumption and Hypertension has been increasing in Pakistan, except for Tobacco smoking. Proper preventive measures must be taken to counter this specific death rate. This may include mass Health education, Health promotion, Dietary changes, and lifestyle changes.</p> Huzaifa Saleem Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Women Medical and Dental College 2024-11-11 2024-11-11 2 4 10.56600/jwmdc.v2i4.90 https://jwmdc.com/index.php/jwmdc/article/view/91 <p>The human gut microbiota is a complex and dynamic ecosystem consisting of various microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa, that contribute to overall health. Among these, bacteriophages (phages) are viruses that specifically target and infect bacteria, playing a critical role in regulating microbial balance within the gut. In recent years, the rise of antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections has become a major global health challenge, largely attributed to the overuse and misuse of antibiotics. As a result, there has been growing interest in phages as a promising alternative to conventional antibiotics, particularly in combating drug-resistant infections. Phages offer several advantages, including their ability to selectively target specific bacteria, their rapid replication in the presence of host bacteria, and their potential to minimize disruption to the beneficial gut microbiota. Furthermore, phages may serve as a natural mechanism to restore microbial equilibrium in the gut, providing a novel strategy for treating infections that are difficult to manage with antibiotics. This manuscript examines recent research on gut phages, exploring their potential therapeutic applications, the mechanisms behind their bactericidal action, and their broader implications for human health, particularly in the context of rising antimicrobial resistance.</p> Md. Sharifull Islam Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Women Medical and Dental College 2024-11-26 2024-11-26 2 4 10.56600/jwmdc.v2i4.91