Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology: An Overview on Synthesis, Characterization and Application

Abstract

Nanomaterials have significant large surface area relative to their volume which makes them unique regarding the physical and chemical characteristics. They have notable optical, electrical, magnetic, mechanical, and catalytic properties and these brings the new scientific era- nanotechnology. Ball milling, lithography, sputtering, and laser ablation are commonly used ‘Top-down’ method where larger materials are broken down to the nanoscale. However, ‘Bottom-up’ methods, such as chemical vapor deposition (CVD), sol-gel processes and hydrothermal processes build nanoparticles from atoms or molecules with controlled modulation of shape and composition. Researchers of late have focused on green nanotechnology by producing the metal nanoparticles from plants, algae, and microorganisms. This could be a potential era for biotechnologists to explore more to find the environmental friendly and less expensive biological approach. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM, TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) are widely used surface characterization of nanomaterials. From environmental remediation to modern electronic devices, nanotechnology has kept his impactful footprint along with food and medicine disciplines. This review summarizes the synthesis, characterization, and application of nanotechnology in recent research fields, guiding future contributors in the innovation of nanotechnology.